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I (Alfred Simpson) was born at the General Hospital in Cobourg Ontario, on October 7, 1948. It was a cesarean section. My mother quit her job as a charwoman to take care of me until I was able to attend day school.

My parents were Everett Vernon Simpson and Alberta Louise Whetung. I had an older brother, Edward Everett Simpson. My first memory was playing with a painted wooden train in my grandmother's house. It was 1953 and she had just finished her History of the Rice Lake Reserves. I was finally able to put her history onto the World Wide Web in 2001. I eventually became a web programmer because of my promise to publish her history.

My brother Ted was a much loved older presence in my life. He was so full of life and was a model for how to enjoy life. He left school after grade five at age sixteen. He hitchhiked all over the county until he received his driver's license. He held a variety of jobs throughout his working career. Everyone loved Ted. He found love late in life and lived passionately.

In July 1954 the family went to the Alderville Pow Wow, eight hundred meters away. In September of that year, I started attendance at the local Indian Day School. I was introduced to the alphabet and was amazed that anyone could remember all those letters. By the end of the next year, I had finished my first hardcover novel, Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi.

When I started school, all eight primary grades were taught by band member John Loukes. The walk from my home was about 1200 metres so I was unable to go home for lunch. It was here that I learned how to interact with other kids. We played various outdoor games in the summer, baseball, and in the winter we brought our sleds to use on the adjacent slopes.

In November of that year, we posed for a class picture.

The curriculum included Canadian history taught from a purely British point of view.

     We gladly sang.

        In days of yore,
        From Britain's shore
        Wolfe, the dauntless hero came
        And planted firm Britannia's flag
        On Canada's fair domain.
        Here may it wave,
        Our boast, our pride
        And joined in love together,
        The Thistle, Shamrock, Rose entwined,
        The Maple Leaf Forever.
     

Science and the basics of electricity were shown to the upper grades. Art seemed to be a large part of our studies. We each had ink wells in our desks and only used fountain pens.

A native point of view was never discussed. We followed the standard English Ontario Public School curriculum. I followed the adventures of Pierre‑Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers with great enthusiasm. My father was also a fur trapper so I empathized with those two French trappers. As "Father of New France" we studied the routes of the discovery of Samuel de Champlain. Peoples of North America's First Nations were rarely named and were deemed irrelevant to the aspirations of the European nations.

Our community loved get‑togethers. We held celebrations throughout the year. Euchre card parties were ubiquitous. I remember being welcomed in homes throughout the reserve. Velma Marsden was my favourite host. This was a great way to know the members of our community. The main focal point was the new community hall which was built in 1954. Scheduled to be the first presenter, I was to say "Welcome welcome welcome" however, I was too shy to take the stage. There we held Valentine Day's celebrations, Hallowe'en costume parties, and Saturday social dances, where Chief Borden Crow played the saxophone. The dance floor was on the upper level with a stage, where routines were performed with fellow classmates. The dining area and kitchen were on the lower level, where my parents celebrated their 25^th wedding anniversary.

The settlement of the Alderville reserve in Alnwick Township will be examined with the Methodist church assuming authority over the reserve until the Indian Act took control of First Nations lives. When the reserves were first formed, First Nations were encouraged to become either farmers or trades‑person, roles that were traditionally reserved for the 'lower class'. The Alderville industrial school was initially designed to train this 'lower class' and later was replaced by an Indian Day School on the same grounds as the old school. The Methodist church was there as well. Their intentions were good. Houses and barns were their first priorities to ensure a rural form of life, as opposed to a traditional First Nations lifestyle. Hunting, fishing and gathering were side issues and not valued as economic venues for serious income to sustain the community. Below is a link to specific information on the reserve where I grew up, (the first nineteen years).

Alderville First Nation

The Indian agents strictly governed their charges with the supreme authority of English law formed by acts of law and the federal judicial system. The hunting, fishing and gathering activities were to be discouraged as this would keep their charges from the serious work of social dependence and servitude to the larger Canadian society. They were there to only provide food and other maintenance of trades‑person activities. These first inhabitants of Alderville were strongly encouraged to act like Europeans, but only in subservient roles. The First Nations peoples in the Bay of Quinte were removed from their homes to make way for settlers and their commercial enterprises. If ever an individual exceeded his role, he lost his official Indian status and had to leave the reserve. It could be argued that on‑reserve First Nations are still living under the strict conditions of The Indian Act of 1876.

A more personal view from the inside of the reserve system will be recalled showing a lack of cultural progress through the first century of reserve life. I was a subjective observer growing up on the Alderville First Nation in southern Ontario with no conception of the invisible boundaries surrounding reserve life. It was a very happy childhood and adolescence. My grandfather gave his time, imparting his very extensive knowledge of the details of farming. To him the grass that grows, even the trees were concrete examples of how to enrich our lives. My grandmother, although an integral part of reserve life, took it upon herself to research and document our personal history and migration to Alderville. My father showed me all aspects of our culture, including trapping, hunting, and rice gathering but was disappointed that I showed no talent as a carpenter. My mother ceaselessly raised a decent family. Her First Nations crafts, as well as her char duties, were done with pride.

First Nations in Canada

There has been shown to be a lack of cultural progress through the first one hundred years of life on the reserve. I grew up on the Alderville First Nation in southern Ontario with a view that life outside the reserve was a foreign place. Traditional lore was passed down from my grandfather. He became what the early church was hoping the Indians of Alderville would become: i.e. farmers, hunters, and trades‑person. To water his crops, my grandfather learned the art of water witching. He taught me effective water witching. To find underground streams, he showed me a forked branch and said that a wooden dowsing fork must come from a tree bearing fruit with seeds. The well that they dug never ran out of water and was located dozens of metres away from my grandparent's house. He considered his front lawn a farm for dew worms. Well into his eighties, he got up in the pre‑dawn to pick dew worms selling each at the bargain price of a penny a worm to passing fishermen. My grandmother was involved in the early formation of the First Nations woman's Homemakers Association. This included the forming of quilting bees for use on the reserve. She taught Christian values at the local Sunday school, a duty which she took seriously. My Grandfather and Grandmother took on agricultural roles. They grew and raised potatoes, strawberries, raspberries, pigs, and chickens. They ate what they produced and sold the excess for profit.

I accompanied my father along his trapping line and he showed me how to set up the traps. He would return from a successful run in good spirits. The skinning was next, followed by the drying of the pelt on wireframes. We didn't forget the carcass which was baked and served for supper. Travelling north twice a year, he always brought back a deer, which was skinned in the basement and later he took the hide to the local tannery in nearby Hastings Ontario. The carcass was cut up into strips and venison was stored in our large freezer. He was proud of his role as a carpenter because he could provide more than adequately for his family. My mother took on a job as a char‑woman in the local town, Cobourg Ontario. She also produced traditional First Nations crafts, particularly small birch bark containers decorated with porcupine quills, which added to the family income. My father and mother harvested black rice from local as well as distant rivers and streams. They regarded the gathering of black rice as farming. I went with my parents while they canoed through thick fields of beds of black rice. Dad paddled through the rice beds as Mom knocked the rice into the bottom of the canoe. Once home, Dad 'danced' the rice in a large iron kettle and used the wind to separate the rice from the chaff. This was a staple and well‑enjoyed treat. "The wild rice that grows abundantly in eastern Canada around the shores, of many lakes, makes excellent food, but only the Ojibwa collected it and used it to supplement their diet of berries, fish, and meat." (Jenness 1933: 16‑17)

The Alderville church left the Methodist fold in 1925 to join the newly formed United Church of Canada. The whole community was involved in church activities. A favourite was Mother's Day where a red flower was worn if your mother was alive and a white flower if she had passed on. Each family had its own wooden pew. It was very comforting to attend worship services as well as both weddings and funerals. It was a centre of community bonding.

My family was very close. My Dad, Mom, and brother Ted were my whole world. Dad was a hunter, trapper, gatherer, and carpenter. Mom was always there for me. We made long trips together, once to faraway Cleveland, where Dad worked in construction and played hockey with the local masons.